Pomeranian: temperament, size, care and health

About the Pomeranian

The Pomeranian is the smallest of the spitz breeds, a compact dog with a wedge-shaped, fox-like head, small erect ears, dark almond eyes and a flat plumed tail curled over its back. Its coat is its glory: a short, thick undercoat topped by a long, straight outer coat that stands off the body, with a deep ruff around the neck and chest. Colors range from orange and red to cream, black, brown, blue and parti-color.

Despite its size, the Pom is built like a working spitz, and its manner is bold. People keep it for its showy appearance, small size and sparky character.

Temperament and family life

A Pomeranian is extroverted, curious and attached to its family. It often behaves as if it were a much larger dog, and it may challenge dogs many times its size. It is alert and vocal, barking at visitors, noises and passers-by, and this is the trait that most commonly annoys neighbors.

The breed is fragile, and children must be taught to handle it gently. It tends to do better with adults or older children, and injuries from falls or squeezing are possible. Many Poms are friendly with strangers once they settle, but some are reserved. Without limits, a Pomeranian may become demanding, bossy or snappy.

Exercise and training

The Pomeranian needs only modest exercise, such as a daily walk and play indoors. It enjoys short outings and games, and its energy is easily met in an apartment. Hot weather is difficult because of the thick coat, so outings should be limited then, but it tolerates cool conditions comfortably.

Poms are intelligent and quick to learn, and they perform tricks well. They can be difficult to housetrain because of their small bladder, so routine and patience matter. Training should focus on manners and a reliable quiet cue, since barking is a habit that grows if ignored. Early socialization improves confidence and prevents a nervous, yappy adult.

Grooming and shedding

The double coat sheds steadily and heavily once or twice a year, and brushing is required several times a week to remove dead undercoat and prevent mats, especially behind the ears and in the pants. During shedding, daily brushing is helpful. Baths every few weeks followed by thorough drying keep the coat fluffy.

Never shave the coat, since the damage can be permanent. Trim the nails and the hair around the feet, clean the ears and brush the teeth often, as small breeds develop dental disease early.

Health

Pomeranians commonly suffer from patellar luxation and dental disease. Tracheal collapse can cause a honking cough, and heart conditions such as patent ductus arteriosus and mitral valve disease are reported. A skin condition known as alopecia X, which causes the coat to thin and darken, is seen in the breed. Eye problems, low blood sugar in puppies and hip disease also occur.

Responsible breeders screen knees, hearts and eyes. This is general information about the Pomeranian, and a veterinarian is the person to ask about a particular dog.

History

The Pomeranian takes its name from Pomerania, a historic region on the Baltic coast of what is now Germany and Poland. Its ancestors were larger German spitz dogs. The breed was reduced in size by selective breeding in Britain, where it became very popular after Queen Victoria acquired a small red Pomeranian in 1888 and later showed her dog Marco. The modern toy was refined during the twentieth century and remains a common companion.

Is the Pomeranian right for you?

A Pomeranian suits an adult household in an apartment or small home with someone around to give attention, who enjoys a lively small dog and will groom it often. It is a good choice for owners who can train a quiet cue.

It is a poor match for houses with toddlers, for people who need a silent dog or for owners who dislike brushing. The American Eskimo Dog gives a larger version of the spitz look, the Papillon is similar but more trainable and less vocal, and the Chihuahua is a more clingy alternative.